LUNA Free - AUDIO Recording

Recording setup

To attempt recording with a computer you need an audio processor or sound card with either a LINE INPUT or a MIC INPUT port. Most computers have a 'mini' sound card built into the computer that provides both of these inputs. They are actually tied together and your studio software 'sees' these ports as a single AUDIO INPUT. The MIC Input is very sensitive and should not be used except with a low signal level mic. If you want to record the output of a radio, TV, Stereo, MP3 player, External MIDI Synth, etc. Use the LINE INPUT jack to record these LINE level signals. DONT PLUG THESE INTO THE MIC INPUT because they will overpower the MIC Input circuit.

Sound cards also have other Audio inputs that can be used such as S/PDIF, Digital, AUX, Tape, MIDI Synth, CD, in addition to LINE level and MIC level inputs. Most of these sound cards share one thing in common - Only one of these inputs can be used to record an audio stream. There are some soundcards with multiple inputs, but mostly this equipment is left to external mixers and pre-amps that are able to handle multiple channels of audio recording. So the rule is - Select the single source of Audio Input before attempting to record.

For this reason alone, professional recordings are 'multi-track' recorded outside a computer. But for home studios this is really not a problem since there is only one musician and one input to be recorded at a time. From an equipment standpoint, a computer based home studio relies upon the operating system codecs (drivers) to turn sound waves into audio files - principally .WAV files for the PC and .AIFF files for the MAC. The Codecs do an excellent job and as long as the computer has the necessary power (minimum requirements), there is faithful reproduction of the recordings.

Today almost all home studio recordings are recorded at 44,100 hz with a bitrate of 16 bits. What does this mean? It means that a second of recorded data will be broken into 44,100 digital entries of 16 bits. So you can see that your computer must have the capability to process 88,200 bytes per second for each audio stream that runs concurrently. Since this all takes place digitally, there is no room for error and faithful reproduction should be perfectly repeatable. This sample rate (44,100hz) and the data bitrate (16) is often called CD Quality and governs the size of binary audio data stored on a CD.

Of course, higher sample rates and bit rates are certainly available, but they require faster computers, more memory and faster and larger disks.

Selecting the Audio Input

Before you begin to record, you must tell the sound card which Input you will be using, so that the signal will be recognized by the computer. This selection is usually done with the Volume Control - In Windows this lurks in an Icon that resembles a little speaker in the lower right corner of the Task Bar. Double-click the Icon and select Properties>Recording. This reveals a list of the Inputs that are available to your sound card. You can place a check mark by the input that you want to record from.

To record from the MIC, you must check the MIC channel for recording.

External mixing equipment can eliminate the single recording channel problem, but adds expense and additional equipment. For our lessons that follow, please check the MIC INPUT Channel as our recording source. And for this lesson you must have a MIC that can be connected to the Red jack on your computer (MIC INPUT).

The microphone that you use will set the quality of your recording. So, the better the MIC, the better the recording. Since the computer itself operates at CD Quality, the MIC (and your home studio) will determine the quality of your recording.

Set the MIC Volume in the Recording Control mixer to about 75% (the example shows about 95%, but this will vary). A figure of 75% is a good place to start and we will need to vary this later to get a good solid signal.

Setting up the program to record

This exercise is not going to create a masterpiece. Since this tutorial is designed to cover the basics of making music, you must learn the fundamentals before getting into the steps that are needed to create more sophisticated music. This step will teach you how to record an audio track with a background.

You are going to record the song 'My Darling Clementine'. You can. of course choose another song, but this example comes ready to use. We will load the song, in midi format, so that that you will have something to sing or play along with. We plan to use the mda-piano as a background, and then record our own audio track alongside the background as it plays. Download the file - Clementine.mid - a save it in your LUNA Free folder. (By now you should be able to download files and save them easily).

Start the LUNA Free program and select a new session. Set the BPM setting to 100, in the tape transport bar and also click the Midi-Record OFF and click the Audio Record ON (little picture of a wave).

Also we will want to tell the program to record a mono track as opposed to a stereo track. This depends on your audio equipment, but usually the default will be to record a stereo track if the equipment will handle it. This means that a left and right audio track will be created. This is fine for the finished piece of music, but for an individual track it is better to record the instrument or vocal as a mono track so that it can be moved around in the final mix. Right-Click on the record circle in the transport bar - a menu will popup. The menu is your recording Options. On one of the Inputs, click and select None from the list of inputs. Click on OK to save your options.

Now Click the FILE Button and then select Import MIDI File. An explorer window will open and you can highlight the Clementine.mid file and then click on OK. A midi track will appear. (For some reason, LUNA expands the size of the track when loading a MIDI file). To reduce the vertical size of the tracks in the composer window, Use the vertical +/- buttons at the lower right of the composer window. Click on the '-' key to reduce the size of the tracks back to what you are used to. This will make room for us to see new audio tracks as they are added.

Now let's hear what the Clementine track sounds like. Right click on the Clementine track and choose a player, select Create new synth + mixer strip and then select the mda-piano.

Click the rewind (double arrows to the left to make sure that we are at the beginning of the track then click on start/stop arrow. You should easily hear what the track sounds like. Sing or hum a few bars along with it to test whether the key is right for you. (The Lyrics are printed below). Or if you plan to record a guitar then play a few licks along with the song. If the key is wrong, you will want to change to a more comfortable key. The original song was recorded in E major.

To change the key, double-click on the Clementine track and get into the MIDI Editor. Right-click on the grid and a popup menu should appear. Click on Sequence then Click on Transpose notes. Type either a number of steps up or down (- in front of the number of steps) and the entire midi file will be transposed up or down the number of steps that were specified. Use the transport to replay the midi file and see if the key is better for you. If not just go back and change it up or down until it sounds right.

Note: There is a bug in PreRelease Luna Free in that it does not read the MIDI time signature (or ignores it.). . 'My Darling Clementine' is a waltz (3/4 time), but is displayed as 4/4 in this program. However, this should not affect the audio recording, since the number of beats remains the same and the song will be recorded at 100BPM.

Recording an Audio Track

To record an audio track, make sure the transport is at the beginning of the song, where you plan to begin recording. Click on the Record Circle to begin recording. The metronome will count off and you can begin recording. Just remember that - Oh, My Darling - begins on beat 3 of the first measure. But you knew that.

One thing lacking in LUNA Free is a 'VU' meter to give you an indication of the level of your recording signal. Most recording programs feature a 'VU' meter that tells you how hot your input signal is. Then it can be adjusted on the fly. With LUNA Free we are going to get there through an iterative procedure that works like this:

- Click the Record circle to record a few bars then click on the start/stop arrow.
- give your recording a name and press Enter.
- Play it back.
- If it is not the right volume, double-click on the Windows mixer, Properties>recording and raise or lower the MIC volume.
(Keep the Windows mixer active on your task bar until we are done)
- If you have a powered Mic, you can raise the volume or get closer to the Mic.
- Click on the recorded audio track to darken it, then press Delete. Poof, it's gone
- rewind to the beginning.

Repeat the steps above until you get the recorded volume correct. The outline of the waves should be a clue as to the correct volume.

When the volume is to your liking, go ahead and begin recording. If your take is not acceptable, just don't give the file a name and it will not be saved. If part of it is great, then save it with another name. (We will get to audio editing at a later time and show you how to take the good parts from one take and paste them where the bad parts were.) When you begin recording another take, make sure that previous recordings are muted (little speaker to the left of the track is dark). LUNA Free will always add another track when making a new recording.

The mixer strips in the Mixing desk are there to help you balance the parts. If the piano part is too loud, cut it back with the mda-piano mixer strip. Likewise, the playback of your recording can be adjusted for a good balance. The recording can be viewed much closer, by double-clicking and opening up the audio editor. At the left of the audio editor is a vertical scale calibrated in dB. An ideal signal will never exceed a point about -3dB from the top or bottom. If the signal reaches 0 dB at the top or bottom, that means that 'clipping' will occur - your signal will be lost and the sound of this is usually unpleasant, so you don't want to have any of these occurrences in your recordings. So adjust your recording level to eliminate clipping. If you notice clipping in your take, you will have to re-record that portion so that a good version is available.

When you think you've got it, Save this session with your recorded track(s) so we can use the session in a later tutorial. You may want to make the session name something like Clementine, so we will recognize it later. You have reached the end of this section of the tutorial. It's time to review the summary. So skip over the lyrics below.

Lyrics

My Darling Clementine

In a cavern, in a canyon,
Excavating for a mine,
Dwelt a miner, Forty-niner,
And his daughter, Clementine.
Oh my darling, Oh my darling,
Oh, my darling Clementine,
You are lost and gone forever,
Dreadful sorry, Clementine.

Light she was, and like a feather,
And her shoes were number nine,
Herring boxes without topses,
Sandals were for Clementine.
Oh, my darling, Oh my darling,
Oh, my darling, Clementine,
You are lost and gone forever,
Dreadful sorry Clementine,

Drove the ducklings to the water,
Ev'ry morning just at nine,
Hit her foot against a splinter,
Fell into the foaming brine.
Oh, my darling, Oh, my darling,
Oh, my darling, Clementine,
You are lost and gone forever,
Dreadful sorry Clementine.

Ruby lips above the water,
Blowing bubbles soft and fine,
Sad for me, I was no swimmer,
So I lost my Clementine.
Oh, my darling, Oh, my darling,
Oh, my darling, Clementine.
You are lost and gone forever,
Dreadful sorry Clementine.

In a cavern, in a canyon,
Excavating for a mine,
Dwelt a miner, Forty-niner,
And his daughter, Clementine.
Oh my darling, Oh my darling,
Oh, my darling Clementine,
You are lost and gone forever,
Dreadful sorry, Clementine.
Lost and gone forever,
Awful sorry, Clementine.
Lost and gone forever,
Oh, my darling, Clementine.

Summary

- Use your Windows mixer / Recording Properties to select the recording source e.g. MIC input

- Use your Windows mixer / Recording Properties to set the recording level. (or adjust MIC power levels). The level should never reach 0db in a recording - this is known as clipping.

- Record a mono track as opposed to a Stereo Track.

- Use a good Microphone for the best quality sound.

- Try to record in a key that works for you.

- To record, make sure the little wave is lit (Audio recording) and the metronome is OFF. Click on the Record Circle to begin. Start/Stop arrow when done.